"There are not different gods in different nations, barbarians and Greeks, southerners and northerners. Just as sun and moon and sky and earth and sea are common to all, though named differently by different peoples, so the one Reason ordering this world, the one Providence governing it, and the subordinate powers set over all have different honours and titles among different peoples according to their customs. Some men, whose lives are sanctified, use faint symbols, others use clearer ones; these guide the mind towards things divine, but not without danger, since there are those who go completely wrong and slip into superstition, and again there are others who avoid superstition as though it were a marsh and then fall unawares over the precipice of godlessness." - Plutarch
Religion and spirituality have played a significant role in
the history of humanity since time immemorial. Throughout history, people have
sought to understand the mysteries of the cosmos and the role of humanity in it
through various belief systems. A common thread that runs through many of these
beliefs is the concept of an infinite God or supreme being. Our aim is to
examine the different names and concepts of an infinite God or supreme being in
ancient civilizations, and explore how these beliefs were shaped by the
geography, culture, and history of each civilization.
The ancient world was a diverse and complex place, with a variety of civilizations emerging in different parts of the globe. These civilizations were characterized by their unique cultures, languages, and ways of life. Some of the major ancient civilizations include ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, India, China, the Americas, Africa, Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and the Malay Archipelago. Despite their differences, these civilizations shared a common human experience, which included the search for meaning, purpose, and a connection to the divine.
Beliefs about an Infinite God or Supreme Being in Ancient
Civilizations
The concept of an infinite God or a supreme being is found
in many civilizations throughout history, and different cultures have given
this deity various names.
Yahweh - In
Judaism, Yahweh is the name of the infinite God. According to the
Jewish belief, Yahweh is the God who created the world and the universe. In the
Hebrew Bible, which is the primary scripture of Judaism, Yahweh is the most
important name used to refer to God. It is often translated as "Lord"
or "God" in English translations.
The name Yahweh is derived from the Hebrew verb "to
be", which signifies that God is eternal, self-existent, and the source of
all existence. It is considered a sacred name and is not to be pronounced
except in prayer and religious contexts. Instead, it is often replaced with the
term "Adonai" which means "Lord" in Hebrew.
In Jewish tradition, Yahweh is often described as a personal
God who interacts with humanity and has made covenants with the Jewish people.
He is seen as a God of justice and mercy, who is both powerful and
compassionate. Yahweh is also regarded as the God who delivered the Israelites
from slavery in Egypt and gave them the Ten Commandments.
The belief in Yahweh has been central to Jewish religious
and cultural identity throughout history, and it continues to be a significant
part of Jewish worship and practice today.
Allah - In Islam, Allah is indeed the name of the one true God who is infinite,
merciful, and all-powerful. Muslims believe that Allah is the creator and
sustainer of the universe and everything in it, and that He is the only one
worthy of worship. The concept of Allah is central to Islamic beliefs, and
Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad was the last and final messenger of
Allah, who revealed His message to humanity through the Quran.
The name "Allah" is derived from the Arabic word
"ilah," which means "god" or "deity." However,
Muslims believe that Allah is not just one among many gods, but rather the only
true God who is infinite, eternal, and unchanging. Muslims also believe that
Allah has 99 names, each of which represents a different attribute or quality
of God, such as the Merciful, the Compassionate, the All-Knowing, and the
All-Powerful.
In Islamic theology, Allah is believed to be beyond human
comprehension, and Muslims do not believe in depicting Allah in human form or
creating images or idols of Him. Rather, Muslims believe that Allah can be
known through His signs and manifestations in the world, and through reflection
and contemplation on His names and attributes. The concept of Allah is
therefore central to Islamic theology and spirituality, and is a source of
guidance and inspiration for millions of Muslims around the world.
Brahman -
In Hinduism, Brahman is a concept that lies at the core of Hinduism, one of the
world's oldest and most complex religions. In Hinduism, Brahman is considered
the ultimate reality, the infinite, eternal, and absolute spirit that pervades
all existence. Brahman is often described as the all-encompassing, formless,
and infinite consciousness that is the source and sustenance of all life.
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| Brahma carving in Hucchappayya gudi, Aihole, now at a Mumbai Museum |
Brahman is often viewed as being beyond human comprehension
and is considered to be the ultimate goal of human existence, which is to
attain a state of spiritual liberation or enlightenment known as moksha. In
Hinduism, the universe is seen as a manifestation of Brahman, and all things,
including human beings, are seen as being interconnected and ultimately part of
the same divine reality.
The concept of Brahman is closely associated with the idea
of Atman, which is the individual self or soul that is believed to be a part of
Brahman. The goal of Hindu spiritual practices, such as yoga and meditation, is
to attain a state of union between the individual self and Brahman, which is
known as self-realization or enlightenment.
In Hinduism, Brahman is often depicted through various gods
and goddesses, such as Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, who are considered to be
different aspects or manifestations of the same divine reality. The concept of
Brahman has had a profound impact on Hindu art, literature, philosophy, and
spirituality, and continues to be a central aspect of Hindu culture and
religious life.
Tao - Tao
is a concept in Taoism, which is one of the major religions of China. It is a
complex and multifaceted term that has been interpreted and understood in many
different ways throughout history. At its core, Tao is the ultimate reality
that underlies all things and the infinite, formless source of the universe. It
is often translated as "the Way" or "the Path," and it
represents the fundamental order and harmony of the universe.
According to Taoist philosophy, everything in the universe
is a manifestation of the Tao, including both the physical world and the
spiritual realm. The Tao is seen as the underlying principle of all things, and
it is considered to be the source of all existence. It is the force that gives
rise to the natural world, and it is also the source of human consciousness and
awareness.
Taoist teachings emphasize the importance of aligning
oneself with the Tao in order to live a fulfilling and harmonious life. This
involves cultivating a deep understanding of the natural world and developing a
sense of oneness with all things. Through meditation, self-cultivation, and the
practice of virtues such as simplicity, humility, and compassion, Taoists seek
to align themselves with the Tao and live in harmony with the universe.
The Great Spirit
- The Great Spirit is a concept that is central to many Native American
religions and spiritual traditions. It is a term that refers to the infinite,
eternal, and all-powerful being who is believed to have created the world and
everything in it. The Great Spirit is often seen as a benevolent and loving
deity who cares for all of creation and who is intimately involved in the lives
of human beings.
The concept of the Great Spirit is found in many different
Native American cultures, and the name used to refer to this being may vary
from one culture to another. For example, among the Lakota people of the Great
Plains, the Great Spirit is often referred to as Wakan Tanka, while among the
Ojibwe people of the Great Lakes region, the Great Spirit is often called Gichi
Manitou.
The Great Spirit is often depicted as a powerful and
awe-inspiring force that is beyond human understanding. Many Native American
cultures believe that the Great Spirit is present in all things and that
everything in the natural world is interconnected. As a result, many Native American
religions emphasize the importance of living in harmony with nature and of
treating all living beings with respect and reverence.
Zeus - Zeus
was one of the most important deities in ancient Greek religion, often depicted
as a tall, bearded figure with a powerful build and a lightning bolt in his
hand. As the king of the gods, he was considered the supreme ruler of the
universe, responsible for maintaining order and justice.
The concept of Zeus as an infinite being was closely tied to
his role as the god of thunder and lightning, which were seen as manifestations
of his immense power. He was also associated with the sky and the weather,
which were seen as further expressions of his control over the natural world.
Zeus was also known for his wisdom, which was seen as
infinite and all-encompassing. He was often consulted as an oracle and was
believed to have the power to reveal the future to mortals. This wisdom was
closely tied to his role as a lawmaker and judge, responsible for upholding
justice and maintaining order in the universe.
Odin -
Odin, also known as Wodan or Wotan, was a prominent figure in Norse mythology,
representing the god of wisdom, magic, and war. He was believed to be the most
powerful of all the gods and was revered as the creator of the universe, as
well as the master of wisdom and magic. Odin was said to possess infinite
knowledge and power, and was revered as the god who knew all things, including
the fate of the world and the destiny of all beings. He was the god of the
slain, the protector of warriors, and the ruler of the afterlife.
In Norse mythology, Odin was often depicted as a tall,
one-eyed, white-bearded man, who wore a wide-brimmed hat and carried a spear
called Gungnir. He was often accompanied by two ravens, Huginn and Muninn, who
served as his messengers and scouts. Odin was also known to ride an
eight-legged horse named Sleipnir, which was said to be the fastest horse in
the world.
Odin's role in Norse mythology was multifaceted. He was seen
as the god of wisdom and was known to have sacrificed his eye to gain knowledge
of the world. He was also the god of magic, and was believed to possess the
power to shape-shift, as well as to use his magic to protect and guide his
followers. Odin was the god of war, and was often invoked by warriors before
battle, as he was believed to be able to grant victory to his chosen champions.
In addition to his other roles, Odin was also considered the
god of death. He presided over the afterlife, and it was believed that those
who died in battle would be taken to Valhalla, a great hall in Asgard, where
they would feast and fight forevermore. Odin was also believed to be the lord
of the dead, and it was said that he could call forth the spirits of the dead
to seek knowledge or offer guidance.
Amen-Ra –
or Amun-Ra was the most prominent deity in the Egyptian pantheon during the New
Kingdom period, approximately 1550-1069 BCE. He was a combination of two
deities, Amun and Ra, merging into one powerful and all-encompassing god. Amun,
originally a god of Thebes, was associated with fertility, creation, and the
air, while Ra, the sun god, was associated with power and protection. Amun-Ra
became known as the "king of the gods" and was often depicted as a
man with a falcon's head, symbolizing his connection to both air and the sun.
Amun-Ra was believed to have created the world and
everything in it, including humans, animals, and the gods themselves. He was
seen as the divine source of all life and the ultimate protector of the
pharaohs, who were considered his representatives on earth. The pharaohs often
built grand temples to Amun-Ra, such as the Karnak Temple in Thebes, to honor
and worship him.
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| Amun-Re, chief god of the Theban Triad. 1450 BC. Relief from the Karnak temple complex |
Amun-Ra was also associated with Ma'at, the Egyptian concept
of balance and order. Ma'at represented the balance of the universe, and
Amun-Ra was believed to maintain this balance through his infinite power and wisdom.
He was often depicted holding the ankh, the symbol of eternal life, and the
scepter, symbolizing his power and authority.
In addition to his role as the creator and protector,
Amun-Ra was also considered a god of fertility, associated with the Nile River
and its life-giving properties. He was often depicted as a ram, which was a
symbol of fertility and power in ancient Egypt.
Amun-Ra's worship remained popular throughout Egyptian
history, even after the decline of the New Kingdom period. He was sometimes
merged with other deities, such as Osiris or Ptah, but he remained a powerful
and important deity in the Egyptian pantheon until the rise of Christianity in
the 4th century CE. Today, remnants of Amun-Ra's worship can still be seen in
the ruins of the grand temples built in his honor, reminding us of the ancient
Egyptians' belief in the infinite power and creativity of their god.
Ormuzd- or Ahura Mazda is the
supreme being in Zoroastrianism, one of the oldest monotheistic religions in
the world. The name Ahura Mazda means "Wise Lord" or "Lord of
Wisdom," and he is considered the creator and sustainer of the universe.
In Zoroastrianism, Ahura Mazda is the source of all good, and his power is
believed to be infinite.
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| Ahura Mazda. Relief in Persepolis |
According to Zoroastrian mythology, Ahura Mazda created the universe in six stages, beginning with the creation of the sky, the earth, and the waters. He then created the plants and animals, followed by human beings, whom he endowed with free will and the ability to choose between good and evil. Ahura Mazda is also believed to have sent prophets to guide humanity, including Zarathustra, the founder of Zoroastrianism.
In Zoroastrianism, Ahura Mazda is often depicted as a wise
and benevolent ruler, who rewards those who follow the path of righteousness
and punishes those who stray from it. His power is believed to be manifested in
the natural world, in the form of the sun, the moon, and the stars, as well as
in human beings, who are believed to be endowed with a divine spark of his
power.
Ahura Mazda is also associated with the concept of Asha,
which means "truth" or "righteousness." According to
Zoroastrianism, Asha is the divine order that governs the universe, and Ahura
Mazda is its ultimate source. In this way, Ahura Mazda represents not only the
infinite power of the universe but also its inherent moral order.
In Zoroastrianism, the worship of Ahura Mazda is
characterized by prayer, devotion, and good deeds. Followers of the religion
believe that by living a virtuous life and following the path of Asha, they can
attain spiritual enlightenment and eventual union with Ahura Mazda. The
religion also emphasizes the importance of free will and personal
responsibility, encouraging individuals to choose the path of righteousness and
avoid evil.
In the ancient Middle East, there were many different
civilizations and cultures that developed their own beliefs and practices
regarding the divine. Here are some examples of names for an infinite God or
supreme being in the Middle East during ancient times:
El -
In ancient Canaanite religion, El was the supreme God and father of the gods,
representing the infinite power and wisdom of the divine.
Baal
- In ancient Canaanite religion, Baal was the god of storms and fertility,
representing the infinite power and creative energy of the universe.
Marduk
- In Babylonian religion, Marduk was the chief deity who defeated the forces of
chaos and established order in the universe, representing the infinite power
and wisdom of the divine.
Anu
- In Sumerian mythology, Anu was the god of heaven and the supreme ruler of the
universe, representing the infinite power and majesty of the divine.
Ashur
- In Assyrian religion, Ashur was the national god and patron deity of the
Assyrian people, representing the infinite power and protection of the divine.
Aten - In ancient Egyptian religion, Aten was the sun disk that represented the infinite power and life-giving energy of the sun.
In ancient America, there were many different
civilizations and cultures that developed their own beliefs and practices
regarding the divine. Here are some examples of names for an infinite God or
supreme being in ancient America:
Teotihuacan -
In Aztec religion, Teotihuacan was the name of the supreme God who created the
world and everything in it, representing the infinite power and wisdom of the
divine.
Pachamama
- In Inca religion, Pachamama was the goddess of the earth and the mother of
all life, representing the infinite power and fertility of the natural world.
Quetzalcoatl
- In Aztec religion, Quetzalcoatl was the feathered serpent god who represented
the infinite power and transformation of the universe.
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| British English: Quetzalcoatl, the winged serpent |
Viracocha
- In Inca religion, Viracocha was the creator god who brought order to the
world, representing the infinite power and divine intelligence of the universe.
Inti
- In Inca religion, Inti was the god of the sun and patron deity of the Inca
people, representing the infinite power and life-giving energy of the sun.
Ixchel
- In Maya religion, Ixchel was the goddess of the moon and fertility who
represented the infinite power and creativity of the natural world.
Huitzilopochtli - In Aztec religion, Huitzilopochtli was the god of the sun and war who represented the infinite power and strength of the divine.
In ancient Africa, there
were many different civilizations and cultures that developed their own beliefs
and practices regarding the divine. Here are some examples of names for an
infinite God or supreme being in ancient Africa:
Amma or Amen
- In Dogon religion, Amma was the creator god who brought the universe into
being, representing the infinite power and intelligence of the divine.
Olorun
- In Yoruba religion, Olorun was the god of the sky and creator of the
universe, representing the infinite power and majesty of the divine.
Anansi -
In Ashanti religion, Anansi was the trickster god who represented the infinite
power and intelligence of the universe.
Osiris -
In ancient Egyptian religion, Osiris was the god of the afterlife and the judge
of the dead, representing the infinite power and mystery of death and rebirth.
Nyame
- In Akan religion, Nyame was the creator god who brought the world into
existence, representing the infinite power and wisdom of the divine.
Mami Wata
- In West African religion, Mami Wata was the water spirit who represented the
infinite power and beauty of the natural world.
Waaqa
- In Oromo religion, or Waaq was the creator god who brought the universe into
existence, representing the infinite power and benevolence of the divine.
In ancient Southeast Asia, there were many different cultures and religions
that developed their own beliefs and practices regarding the divine. Here are
some examples of names for an infinite God or supreme being in ancient
Southeast Asia:
Shangdi
- In Chinese religion, Shangdi was the highest deity who governed the universe
and represented the infinite power and order of the cosmos.
Jade Emperor
- In Chinese religion, the Jade Emperor was the supreme deity who ruled over
all other gods and spirits, representing the infinite power and majesty of the
divine.
Brahma
- In Hinduism, Brahma is one of the major gods who is often worshipped as the
creator of the universe, representing the infinite power and creativity of the
divine.
Buddha
- In Buddhism, the Buddha represents the ultimate reality and enlightenment,
representing the infinite power and wisdom of the divine.
.jpg) |
| Preaching Buddha-5th century CE-Sandstone-Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh-Sculpture gallery- Indian Museum- Kolkata |
Kuan Yin
- In Chinese Buddhism, Kuan Yin is the goddess of compassion who represents the
infinite power and mercy of the divine.
Amaterasu - In Japanese religion, Amaterasu is the goddess of the sun who is often worshipped as a symbol of divine power and light.
In ancient Philippines and the Malay Archipelago, there
were various indigenous religions and belief systems that developed their own
concepts of an infinite God or supreme being. Here are some examples of names
for an infinite God or supreme being in ancient Philippines and the Malay
Archipelago:
Bathala -
In ancient Tagalog religion, Bathala was the supreme deity who governed the
universe and represented the infinite power and wisdom of the divine.
Singalang Burong - In ancient Iban religion, Singalang Burong was the deity who governed the universe and represented the infinite power and guidance of the divine.
Common Themes and Motifs
Ancient beliefs in an infinite God or supreme being share
several common themes and motifs despite differences in geography, culture, and
history. One of the most common themes is the belief in an all-powerful deity
who created and governs the universe. This belief was prevalent in ancient
Egyptian religion with Amun-Ra, in Judaism with Yahweh, and in Zoroastrianism
with Ahura Mazda. These deities were regarded as the ultimate power and the
source of all things.
Another common motif is the belief in the afterlife. In
ancient Egypt, the belief in an afterlife was so strong that they built
elaborate tombs for their dead and practiced mummification. The ancient Greeks
also believed in the afterlife, with the concept of Hades, the god of the
underworld. In Hinduism, the belief in reincarnation is central, where the soul
is believed to be reborn after death based on one's actions in life.
The concept of morality and ethics is also a common theme in
ancient beliefs. In Judaism, the Ten Commandments provide a moral code for
believers to follow. In Hinduism, the concept of dharma is essential, which
emphasizes one's moral and ethical duty. The ancient Chinese religion of Taoism
also emphasizes the importance of ethical behavior in one's life.
Despite similarities, there are also differences in beliefs and practices across different civilizations. For example, the ancient Greeks and Romans believed in multiple gods and goddesses who represented different aspects of life, while monotheistic religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam believe in one God. In Hinduism, there are many gods and goddesses, but they are seen as different aspects of the same ultimate reality.
Factors that Shaped Beliefs
Geography, culture, and history played a significant role in
shaping ancient beliefs. The Egyptians, for example, lived in a land of
extremes, with the Nile River providing fertile soil for agriculture and the
harsh desert surrounding it. This duality of life and death influenced their
beliefs in the afterlife and the role of death in the cycle of life. In ancient
China, the belief in ancestor worship was prevalent, which was rooted in the
importance of family and lineage in their culture.
Thus, ancient beliefs in an infinite God or supreme being
share common themes and motifs, such as the belief in an all-powerful deity,
the afterlife, and the importance of morality and ethics. However, there are
also differences in beliefs and practices across different civilizations, which
were influenced by geography, culture, and history.
The significance of these beliefs cannot be overstated. They
provided people with a sense of order and purpose in a world that was often
unpredictable and chaotic. They also reflected the cultural, social, and
political values of the societies that held them. For example, the concept of
balance and harmony in ancient Chinese beliefs was reflective of the importance
of social order and hierarchy in Chinese society.
These beliefs also had a significant impact on ancient
cultures, shaping their art, architecture, literature, and social practices.
The gods and goddesses were often depicted in art and literature, and their
stories and myths provided inspiration for drama, poetry, and philosophy. The
rituals and ceremonies associated with their worship were important social
events that brought communities together.
There is still much to be explored in the study of ancient
beliefs about an infinite God or supreme being. Further research could focus on
the role of gender and sexuality in these beliefs, the relationship between
religion and politics, and the impact of these beliefs on the development of
modern religions.
Understanding these ancient beliefs can provide insight into the human experience and the evolution of religion and spirituality.
God is One
The concept of monotheism, or the belief in one God, has
been a fundamental part of many of the world's major religions. The idea that
God is one is central to the beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and
is also present in other faiths such as Sikhism and Bahá'Ã.
The belief in one God is rooted in the idea that there is a
single, all-powerful, and all-knowing deity who created and governs the
universe. This concept is expressed in different ways across various religions,
but the underlying principle remains the same: that there is only one God who
is worthy of worship and devotion.
In Judaism, the concept of God as one is expressed in the Shema,
a prayer that is recited daily by observant Jews. The prayer begins with the
declaration, "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one."
This statement affirms the belief in the unity of God and serves as a reminder
that God is the only one who is worthy of worship.
For Christians, the belief in one God is rooted in the
doctrine of the Holy Trinity, which teaches that God is one in three persons:
the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. This belief is
expressed in the Nicene Creed, which states that God is "one God, the
Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and
invisible."
In Islam, the concept of God as one is expressed through the
belief in Tawhid, which is the belief in the oneness of God. Muslims
affirm this belief through the declaration of faith, or Shahada, which
states that "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His
messenger." This statement affirms the belief that there is only one God,
Allah, who is the source of all creation and who has no partners or associates.
The belief in one God is also present in other religions,
such as Sikhism and Bahá'Ã. In Sikhism, the concept of Ik Onkar, or
"One God," is central to their beliefs, and is expressed in the Mool
Mantar, the fundamental prayer of Sikhism. Bahá'à also affirms the belief
in one God, who is the source of all creation and who has revealed His
teachings through various prophets throughout history.
The belief in one God is a central tenet of many of the world's major religions. The idea that God is one is expressed in different ways across various faiths, but the underlying principle remains the same: that there is only one God who is worthy of worship and devotion. This belief in the oneness of God serves as a reminder of the unity and interconnectedness of all things, and encourages people to strive for peace and harmony in their relationships with one another and with the world around them.
The Kabala of God
In occult and esoteric traditions, the number 7 is
considered a highly significant and powerful number. It is believed to
represent completion, perfection, and totality, as it is the sum of the divine
number 3 and the earthly number 4. The number 7 is said to be related to
various aspects of creation and existence, including the seven days of the
week, the seven chakras in the body, and the seven planets in the ancient
cosmology.
In ANAGOMKIN: The
Hidden God, the author explores the concept that there is only one God,
which manifests in the number 7. This idea is based on the Kabbalistic Tree of
Life, which is a diagram of the divine emanations of the universe. According to
this model, there are 10 sephiroth or spheres of existence, which are arranged
in three columns and connected by 22 paths. The number 7 is associated with the
seventh sephirah, Netzach, which is located on the column of action and
represents victory, eternity, and the power of the will.
 |
The author argues that the number 7 is a symbol of the
hidden God, who is present in all things and manifests through the seven
aspects of creation: light, darkness, fire, water, air, earth, and spirit.
These seven elements are believed to be the building blocks of the universe and
are associated with various spiritual and mystical concepts, such as the seven
levels of consciousness, the seven directions, and the seven stages of
spiritual evolution.
The book ANAGOMKIN:
The Hidden God uses numerology to support the idea that there is only
one God, who is present in the number 7. The author argues that the number 7 is
significant because it is the sum of the divine number 3 and the earthly number
4, and represents the harmonious union of spirit and matter. This idea is in
line with many other occult and esoteric traditions, which emphasize the
importance of balancing the spiritual and material aspects of life in order to
achieve wholeness and unity.
The concept that there is only one God, which manifests in the number 7, is a complex and multifaceted idea that draws on a range of occult and esoteric traditions. It is a symbol of unity, completeness, and the hidden divinity that is present in all things.
The Divine Names of God
AMEN RA
145591=25=7
BRAHMA
291841=25=7
YAHWEH
718558=34=7
ORMUZD
694384=34=7
MITHRAS
4928911=34=7
ALLAH
13318=16=7
JESUS
CHRIST
15131
389912=43=7
VIRAKOCHA
499126381=43=7
SHANGDI
1815749=25=7
WAAQA
51181=16
=
(Please refer to the book
ANAGOMKIN: The Hidden God for further
details.)
References:
Assmann, J. (2001). The Search for God in Ancient Egypt.
Cornell University Press.
Black, J. & Green, A. (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols
of Ancient Mesopotamia. University of Texas Press.
Burkert, W. (1985). Greek Religion. Harvard University
Press.
Lurker, M. (1984). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico
and the Maya. Thames & Hudson.
Parker, R. (1991). The Gods of War: Sacred Imagery and the
Decoration of Arms and Armor. Thames & Hudson.
Possehl, G. (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary
Perspective. Rowman Altamira.
Wu, K. (2012). The Chinese Philosophy of Time and Change. Brill.
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